Dose area product
Dose area product (DAP) is a quantity used in assessing the radiation risk from diagnostic X-ray radiography examinations and interventional procedures, like angiography. It is defined as the absorbed dose multiplied by the area irradiated, expressed in gray-centimetres squared (Gy·cm2[1] – sometimes the prefixed units dGy·cm2, mGy·cm2 or cGy·cm2 are also used).[2] Gray (Gy) is the SI unit of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation, while milligray (mGy) is its subunit equivalent to milliSievert (mSv) for gamma (γ) and X-rays.[3]
Manufacturers of DAP meters usually calibrate them in terms of absorbed dose to air. DAP reflects not only the dose within the radiation field but also the area of tissue irradiated. Therefore, it may be a better indicator of the overall risk of inducing cancer than the dose within the field. It also has the advantage of being easily measured, with the permanent installation of a DAP meter on the X-ray set. Due to the divergence of a beam emitted from a "point source", the area irradiated (A) increases with the square of distance from the source (A ∝ d2), while radiation intensity (I) decreases according to the inverse square of distance (I ∝ 1/d2). Consequently, the product of intensity and area, and therefore DAP, is independent of distance from the source.
DICOM "X-Ray Acquisition Dose Module" metadata within each medical imaging study often includes various DAP and dose length product (DLP) parameters.[4]
How DAP is measured
[edit]An ionization chamber is placed beyond the X-ray collimators and must intercept the entire X-ray field for an accurate reading. Different parameters of the X-ray set, such as peak voltage (kVp), X-ray tube current (mA), exposure time, or the area of the field, can also be changed.
For example, a 5 cm × 5 cm X-ray field with an entrance dose of 1 mGy will yield a 25 mGy·cm2 DAP value. When the field is increased to 10 cm × 10 cm with the same entrance dose, the DAP increases to 100 mGy·cm2, which is four times the previous value.
Kerma Area Product
[edit]Kerma area product (KAP)[1] is a related quantity, which for all practical radiation protection purposes is equal to dose area product. However, strictly speaking , where g is the fraction of energy of liberated charged particles that is lost in radiative processes in the material[5] and the dose is expressed in absorbed dose to air. The value of g for diagnostic X-rays is only a fraction of a percent.
Adult coronary angiography and PCI procedures expose patients to an average DAP in the range of 20 to 106 Gy·cm2 and 44 to 143 Gy·cm2 respectively.[6]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Kim S, Toncheva G, Anderson-Evans C, Huh BK, Gray L, Yoshizumi T (June 2009). "Kerma area product method for effective dose estimation during lumbar epidural steroid injection procedures: phantom study". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 192 (6): 1726–30. doi:10.2214/AJR.08.1713. PMID 19457841.
- ^ "Image and Fluoroscopy Area Dose Product Attribute – DICOM Standard Browser". dicom.innolitics.com. Retrieved 2024-03-11.
- ^ Nguyen, Patricia K; Wu, Joseph C (February 2011). "Radiation exposure from imaging tests: is there an increased cancer risk?". Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy. 9 (2): 177–183. doi:10.1586/erc.10.184. ISSN 1477-9072. PMC 3102578. PMID 21453214.
- ^ "X-Ray Acquisition Dose Module – DICOM Standard Browser". dicom.innolitics.com. Retrieved 2024-03-11.
- ^ ICRU Report 50, Fundamental Quantities and Units for Ionizing Radiation, International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements 1998 In Seltzer, Stephen M. Journal of the ICRU (Revised ed.) 11 (1). doi:10.1093/jicru/ndr012.
- ^ priory.com RADIATION EXPOSURE IN THE CATH LAB – SAFETY AND PRECAUTIONS Dr S M S Raza, MB BS, MD. First Published October 2006